国外权威期刊目录RP·研究政策（总第154期）
期刊介绍
Research Policy是由美国苏塞克斯大学于1971年创办，是国际科技政策领域公认的交流思想和平台的专业化权威期刊，能够在很大程度上反映科技政策领域的研究现状和发展趋势。期刊被SSCI收录，影响因子8.11。
本期期卷：Volume 51
发表日期：March 2022
来源：https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/research-policy
或点击文末“阅读原文”
2022年3月刊合集（卷51）
目 录
（1）
Population ageing, labour market rigidity and corporate innovation: Evidence from China
人口老龄化、劳动力市场僵化和企业创新：来自中国的证据
Youchao Tan, Xiumei Liu, Hanwen Sun, Cheng(Colin) Zeng
关键词：人口老龄化；劳动力稀缺；劳动力市场；创新僵化
（2）
Modeling patent clarity
对专利描述的清晰度进行建模分析
Jonathan H. Ashtor
（3）
Innovation in economically developed and lagging European regions: A configurational analysis
欧洲经济发达与落后地区的创新：配置分析
Nikolaos Filippopoulos, Georgios Fotopoulos
关键词：区域创新；公共和私人研发；合作网络；宽容和包容；区域间研发溢出；FsQCA
（4）
Organizational drivers of innovation: The role of workforce agility
组织的创新动力：员工敏捷性的作用
Chiara Franco, Fabio Landini
关键词：劳动力敏捷性；任务敏捷性；时间敏捷性；创新
（5）
Research funding and collaboration
研究项目的资助与合作
Benjamin Davies, Jason Gush, Shaun C. Hendy, Adam B. Jaffe
关键词：合著者；马斯登基金；科学资助；科学合作
（6）
No inventor is an island: Social connectedness and the geography of knowledge flows in the US
没有一个发明家是一座孤岛：美国的社会联系和知识流动地理分布
Andreas Diemer, Tanner Regan
关键词：知识流动；扩散；社会联系；非正式网络
（7）
Intellectual property rights, non-market considerations and foreign R&D investments
知识产权、非市场因素和国外研发投资
João Albino-Pimentel, Pierre Dussauge, Omar El Nayal
关键词：知识产权；外国研发投资；政治能力；跨国认知；创新政策
（8）
The Startup Cartography Project: Measuring and mapping entrepreneurial ecosystems
对创业进行描绘的项目：测量和绘制创业生态系统
RJ Andrews, Catherine Fazio, Jorge Guzman, Yupeng Liu, Scott Stern
（9）
Persistence and learning effects in design innovation: Evidence from panel data
设计创新中的持久性和学习效应：来自面板数据的证据
Carlo Corradini, Beatrice D'Ippolito
关键词：设计；创新；象征性知识；产品创新；坚持；累积学习
（10）
Managing individual research productivity in academic organizations: A review of the evidence and a path forward
管理学术组织中的个人研究生产力：实证研究与建议
Olga Ryazanova, Jolanta Jaskiene
关键词：研究生产力；高等教育；研究机构；循证管理
（11）
Coworking spaces: An overview and research agenda
对联合办公空间的研究
Travis Howell
关键词：创业；联合办公空间；创业支持组织
（12）
Measuring the impact of AI on jobs at the organization level: Lessons from a survey of UK business leaders
衡量人工智能对组织中岗位工作的影响：来自英国商界领袖调查的经验研究
Wil Hunt, Sudipa Sarkar, Chris Warhurst
关键词：人工智能；自动化；工作的未来；创造就业机会；工作破坏；衡量技术变革
（13）
Intermediaries for the greater good: How entrepreneurial support organizations can embed constrained sustainable development startups in entrepreneurial ecosystems
获得更大利益的媒介：论创业支持组织如何将受限制的可持续发展初创公司嵌入创业生态系统中
Frank J. van Rijnsoever
关键词：创业支持组织；孵化器；创业生态系统；可持续发展创业；社交网络；创新系统；集群；中介机构
（14）
Winner takes all? Tech clusters, population centers, and the spatial transformation of U.S. invention
赢家通吃？技术集群、人口中心和美国创新发明的空间转型
B. Chattergoon, W.R. Kerr
关键词：发明；专利；创新；软件；人工智能；集群；集聚
（15）
OK computer: Worker perceptions of algorithmic recruitment
OK计算机：工人对算法招聘的看法
Elena Fumagalli, Sarah Rezaei, Anna Salomons
关键词：算法评估；技术变革；在线劳动力市场；在线实验
（16）
A Framework and Databases for Measuring Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
衡量创业生态系统的框架和数据库
Evan Johnson, Iman Hemmatian, Lauren Lanahan, Amol M. Joshi
关键词：政府；研发；创新系统；创业生态系统；创业企业-政府互动；联邦项目
（17）
Competing Standard-Setting Organizations: A Choice Experiment
相互竞争的标准制定组织：一个选择实验
Paul Moritz Wiegmann, Felix Eggers, Henk J. de Vries, Knut Blind
关键词：标准化；论坛；购物合作；创新；网络特征；基于选择的联合分析；物联网
（18）
Introduction to the special section celebrating the centenary of Chris Freeman's birth
庆祝克里斯·弗里曼诞辰一百周年的专门介绍
Raphael Kaplinsky, W. Edward Steinmueller
关键词：弗里曼；创新；发展；政策；气候；战争
（19）
Innovation and uneven development: The challenge for low- and middle-income economies
创新和不平衡发展：低收入和中等收入经济体面临的挑战
Raphael Kaplinsky, Erika Kraemer-Mbula
关键词：技术-经济范式；创新信息通信技术（ICT）；全球化；非正规部门；南南贸易
1
Population ageing, labour market rigidity and corporate innovation: Evidence from China
人口老龄化、劳动力市场僵化和企业创新：来自中国的证据
Youchao Tan, Xiumei Liu, Hanwen Sun, Cheng(Colin) Zeng
Abstract
Population ageing leads to labour scarcity and labour market rigidity. Contrary to supply-side economists’ belief that labour market rigidity tends to suppress firm innovation, we provide novel evidence of a positive relationship between population ageing and firm innovation in China. This enhancement effect is greater for firms with higher labour costs, consistent with the argument that labour scarcity encourages labour-saving innovation in response to demographic shifts. In addition, the observed positive effect is particularly pronounced for state-owned enterprises, which are widely acknowledged to be overstaffed with older workers, and firms in industries that pursue Schumpeter-II innovation and engage in more intense research and development. In addition, population ageing helps firms to generate more exploitative (vs. exploratory) innovation. Overall, our findings suggest that firms facing population ageing can adapt their strategies to innovate successfully.
摘 要
人口老龄化导致劳动力稀缺和劳动力市场僵化。与供给侧经济学家认为劳动力市场僵化往往会抑制企业创新相反，我们提供了中国人口老龄化与企业创新之间正相关关系的新证据。对于劳动力成本较高的公司来说，这种增强效应更大，这与劳动力稀缺鼓励劳动力节约创新以应对人口变化的论点一致。此外，对于国有企业和追求熊彼特二号创新并从事更密集研发的行业中的公司来说，观察到的积极影响尤其明显，国有企业被广泛认为是老年工人过剩。此外，人口老龄化有助于企业产生更多的剥削性（而不是探索性）创新。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，面临人口老龄化的公司可以调整其战略以成功创新。
2
Modeling patent clarity
对专利描述的清晰度进行建模分析
Jonathan H. Ashtor
Abstract
This study uses machine learning techniques to model patent claim clarity and analyze how clarity relates to important patent policy objectives. Specifically, machine learning models are trained on a dataset of over 600,000 U.S. patent applications that were (or were not) rejected for indefiniteness, a proxy for claim clarity, using features based on the linguistic attributes of each application. The model is then applied to over 2 million issued patents and their corresponding applications, deriving estimates of the clarity of each patent's claim set at application and issuance.
First, the properties of claim clarity and its relationship with the patent examination process are studied. Wordiness and repetitiveness corresponds to reduced clarity, whereas more descriptiveness whereas clearer claims tend to be more descriptive. Clarity also changes during patent examination, indicating that patent office policies may affect claim clarity.
Next, the relationship between claim clarity and cumulative innovation is studied. Clear patents are found to receive more citations by applicants of unrelated future patents, a key indicator of cumulative innovation. However, unclear patents tend to receive more examiner citations, particularly in later years, and the technological relevance of examiner citations also tends to decline over time. This raises important questions about the role of late-stage examiner citations in the patent examination process, which are framed for future research.
Finally, this study evaluates the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court's Nautilus v. Biosig decision, which sought to improve patent claim clarity. A difference-in-difference analysis of applications examined under the old versus new standard is conducted to evaluate the causal effect of Nautilus on the claims of patents filed under the old standard but examined under the new standard. This reveals a significant improvement in patent claim clarity post-Nautilus.
摘 要本研究使用机器学习技术对专利权利要求的清晰度进行建模，并分析清晰度与重要专利政策目标的关系。具体而言，机器学习模型是在超过600，000件美国专利申请的数据集上进行训练的，这些申请因无限期（或未被拒绝）而被拒绝，是权利要求清晰度的代理，使用基于每个应用程序的语言属性的特征。然后，该模型应用于200多万项已颁发的专利及其相应的申请，从而得出对申请和发布时每项专利权利要求的清晰度的估计。
首先，研究了权利要求明确性的性质及其与专利审查过程的关系。冗长和重复对应于清晰度降低，而更多的描述性，而更清晰的声明往往更具描述性。在专利审查期间，清晰度也会发生变化，表明专利局的政策可能会影响权利要求的清晰度。
接下来，研究了权利要求明确性与累积创新之间的关系。发现明确的专利会被不相关的未来专利的申请人引用更多，这是累积创新的关键指标。然而，不明确的专利往往会收到更多的审查员引用，特别是在后来的几年中，并且审查员引用的技术相关性也往往会随着时间的推移而下降。这就提出了关于后期审查员引文在专利审查过程中的作用的重要问题，这些引文是为未来的研究而制定的。
最后，本研究评估了美国最高法院Nautilus v的影响。Biosig决定，旨在提高专利权利要求的清晰度。对根据旧标准与新标准审查的申请进行差异分析，以评估Nautilus对根据旧标准提交但根据新标准审查的专利权利要求的因果关系。这表明鹦鹉螺号之后专利权利要求的清晰度有了显著提高。
3
Innovation in economically developed and lagging European regions: A configurational analysis
欧洲经济发达与落后地区的创新：配置分析
Nikolaos Filippopoulos, Georgios Fotopoulos
Abstract
Regional innovation in Europe is analyzed with Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, distinguishing between different economic development level categories and between innovation performance groups within each category. Different mechanisms were identified based on varying conjunctions of business and public sector R&D, spatial proximity to external R&D, networks of collaborations, tolerance and inclusion, and human capital. More developed regions present four main mechanisms that lead to regional innovation. Namely, a technologically driven mechanism, a business R&D driven technological mechanism, a mechanism driven primarily by internal R&D competencies and tolerance and inclusion, and a general path to regional innovation, supporting a public R&D driven technological mechanism. When the analysis focuses on moderate innovators, the absence of skilled human capital is added as a relevant condition owing primarily to the lack of technological and technical skills in some regions. For lagging regions, the relevant innovation definition excludes patenting as these regions focus on ‘softer’ innovation aspects than technological innovation. Innovation in lagging regions is primarily driven by public R&D supported by tolerance and inclusion or by networks of collaboration. The latter might work as a condition compensating for -often unfavorable- geography.
摘 要
采用模糊集定性比较分析对欧洲的区域创新进行分析，区分不同的经济发展水平类别以及每个类别中的创新绩效组。根据商业和公共部门研发的不同结合，与外部研发的空间接近度，合作网络，宽容和包容以及人力资本，确定了不同的机制。较发达区域提出了导致区域创新的四个主要机制。也就是说，一个技术驱动的机制，一个商业研发驱动的技术机制，一个主要由内部研发能力和宽容和包容驱动的机制，以及一个区域创新的一般路径，支持公共研发驱动的技术机制。当分析侧重于中等程度的创新者时，缺乏熟练的人力资本被添加为一个相关条件，这主要是由于一些区域缺乏技术和工艺技能。对于落后地区，相关的创新定义不包括专利，因为这些地区侧重于"软"创新方面，而不是技术创新。落后地区的创新主要是由宽容和包容或合作网络支持的公共研发推动的。后者可能作为补偿（通常是不利的）地理条件。
4
Organizational drivers of innovation: The role of workforce agility
组织的创新动力：员工敏捷性的作用
Chiara Franco, Fabio Landini
Abstract
The interplay between organization practices and innovation is highly relevant in modern business. This paper analyses whether a specific organizational dimension, namely workforce agility, affects innovative performance. We rationalize this effect within an organizational economics perspective that stresses the role of behavioural motives and human attitudes in the innovation process. In particular, we distinguish the contribution of two components: time agility and task agility. For both of them, we hypothesize that a higher level of agility is associated with stronger employees’ commitment, which in turn stimulate creativity and innovation. Using a sample of nearly 18,000 private-sector workplaces in 28 countries, we report conditional correlations between workforce agility and innovation that are consistent with our framework. Establishments with higher workforce agility are more likely to innovate. This relationship is particularly strong in the case of task agility, especially for process innovation. Moreover, the contribution of agility-related practices tends to be weaker (although not absent) in industries where specialized and technical expertise is more relevant for innovation. The analysis of managers’ perceptions about internal working climate and employees’ commitment suggest that its positive effect on innovation is likely to be driven by the fact that workforce agility improves work motivation at the workplace, favouring innovation-oriented behaviours. Managerial and policy implications are discussed.
摘 要
组织实践与创新之间的相互作用在现代商业中具有高度相关性。本文分析了特定的组织维度，即劳动力敏捷性，是否会影响创新绩效。我们在组织经济学的角度合理化了这种影响，强调行为动机和人类态度在创新过程中的作用。特别是，我们区分了两个组成部分的贡献：时间敏捷性和任务敏捷性。对于他们两人来说，我们假设更高水平的敏捷性与更强的员工承诺有关，这反过来又刺激了创造力和创新。我们使用28个国家/地区近18，000个私营部门工作场所的样本，报告了劳动力敏捷性与创新之间的条件相关性，这与我们的框架一致。员工敏捷性较高的企业更有可能进行创新。在任务敏捷性方面，这种关系尤其牢固，尤其是在流程创新方面。此外，在专业和技术专长与创新更相关的行业中，敏捷性相关实践的贡献往往较弱（尽管并非不存在）。对管理者对内部工作氛围和员工承诺的看法的分析表明，其对创新的积极影响很可能是由劳动力敏捷性改善工作场所的工作动机这一事实所驱动的，有利于以创新为导向的行为。讨论了管理和政策影响。
5
Research funding and collaboration
研究项目的资助与合作
Benjamin Davies, Jason Gush, Shaun C. Hendy, Adam B. Jaffe
Abstract
We analyze whether research funding contests promote co-authorship. Our analysis combines Scopus publication records with data on the Marsden Fund, the premier source of funding for basic research in New Zealand. We use fixed-effect models to analyze within-researcher-pair variation in co-authorship. Among pairs who ever co-authored or co-proposed, co-authorship was 13.8 percentage points more likely in a given year if they had co-proposed during the previous ten years than if they had not. This co-authorship rate was not significantly higher among funded pairs. However, when we increase post-proposal publication lags towards the length of a typical award, we find that funding, rather than participation, promotes co-authorship.
摘 要
我们分析研究资助竞赛是否促进了合著。我们的分析将 Scopus 的出版记录与 Marsden 基金的数据相结合，Marsden 基金是新西兰基础研究的主要资金来源。我们使用固定效应模型来分析合著者身份中的研究人员对内变异。在曾经共同创作或共同提议的配对中，如果他们在过去十年中共同提出，那么在给定的一年中，共同作者的可能性比没有共同提出的可能性高出13.8个百分点。在资助的配对中，这种共同作者率并不明显更高。然而，当我们增加提案后出版物滞后于典型奖项的长度时，我们发现资金而不是参与促进了共同作者身份。
6
No inventor is an island: Social connectedness and the geography of knowledge flows in the US
没有一个发明家是一座孤岛：美国的社会联系和知识流动地理分布
Andreas Diemer, Tanner Regan
Abstract
Do informal social ties connecting inventors across distant places promote knowledge flows between them? To measure informal ties, we use a new and direct index of social connectedness of regions based on aggregate Facebook friendships. We use a well-established identification strategy that relies on matching inventor citations with citations from examiners. Moreover, we isolate the specific effect of informal connections, above and beyond formal professional ties (co-inventor networks) and geographic proximity. We identify a significant and robust effect of informal ties on patent citations. Further, we find that the effect of geographic proximity on knowledge flows is entirely explained by informal social ties and professional networks. We also show that the effect of informal social ties on knowledge flows is greater for new entrepreneurs or ‘garage inventors’, for older or ‘forgotten’ patents, and for flows across distant technology fields. It has also become increasingly important over the last two decades.
摘 要
将遥远地方的发明人联系起来的非正式社会关系是否促进了他们之间的知识流动？为了衡量非正式关系，我们使用了一个新的、直接的、基于Facebook友谊总数的地区社会联系指数。我们使用一种完善的识别策略，该策略依赖于将发明人引文与审查员的引文相匹配。此外，我们隔离了非正式联系的具体影响，超越了正式的专业联系（共同发明人网络）和地理上的接近。我们确定了非正式联系对专利引文的重大而强大的影响。此外，我们发现，地理上的接近对知识流动的影响完全是由非正式的社会关系和专业网络来解释的。我们还表明，对于新企业家或"车库发明家"，对于旧的或"被遗忘的"专利以及跨越遥远的技术领域的流动，非正式社会关系对知识流动的影响更大。在过去二十年中，它也变得越来越重要。
7
Intellectual property rights, non-market considerations and foreign R&D investments
知识产权、非市场因素和外国研发投资
João Albino-Pimentel, Pierre Dussauge, Omar El Nayal
Abstract
Prior research has focused on how firms use a variety of organizational mechanisms to protect their R&D investments from misappropriation risks in foreign countries. Little is known, however, about how firms can rely on non-market factors to induce preferential treatment by host government authorities, thereby protecting their intellectual property overseas. In this paper, we investigate two such non-market factors, one at the country level, the other at the firm level, that are likely to influence the choice of where firms locate their innovation activities: host country inclination towards the firm's home country and the firm's political capabilities, respectively. We thus examine how IPR policies and non-market factors interact in protecting firm innovation from misappropriation and in making countries more attractive for innovation-related activities. We find support for our predictions in a sample of 1,341 foreign R&D investments made by 163 firms from 14 home countries over the period 2003–2016.
摘 要
先前的研究集中在公司如何使用各种组织机制来保护其研发投资免受外国盗用风险的影响。然而，对于公司如何依靠非市场因素诱使东道国政府当局给予优惠待遇，从而保护其海外知识产权，人们知之甚少。在本文中，我们调查了两个这样的非市场因素，一个在国家层面，另一个在公司层面，这些因素可能会影响企业选择创新活动的位置：东道国分别倾向于公司母国和公司的政治能力。因此，我们研究了知识产权政策与非市场因素在保护企业创新免遭盗用和使各国对创新相关活动更具吸引力方面如何相互作用。我们在2003年至2016年期间来自14个母国的163家公司进行的1，341项外国研发投资样本中发现了对我们的预测的支持。
8
The Startup Cartography Project: Measuring and mapping entrepreneurial ecosystems
创业制图项目：测量和绘制创业生态系统
RJ Andrews, Catherine Fazio, Jorge Guzman, Yupeng Liu, Scott Stern
Abstract
This paper presents the Startup Cartography Project (SCP), which offers a new set of entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics for the United States from 1988 to 2016. The SCP combines state-level business registration records with a predictive analytics approach to estimate the probability of “extreme” growth (IPO or high-value acquisition) at or near the time of founding for the population of newly-registered firms. The results highlight the ability of predictive analytics to identify high-potential start-ups at founding (using a variety of different approaches and measures). The SCP then leverages estimates of entrepreneurial quality to develop four entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics, including the rate of start-up formation, average entrepreneurial quality, the quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial ecosystem performance associated with a given start-up “cohort.” These statistics offer sharp insight into patterns of regional entrepreneurship, the correlation of quality (but not quantity) with subsequent regional economic growth and the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems over time. The SCP includes both a public-access dataset at the state, MSA, county, and zip code level, as well as an interactive map, the U.S. Startup Map, that allows academic and policy users to assess entrepreneurial ecosystems at an arbitrary level of granularity (from the level of states down to individual street addresses). The SCP and accompanying datasets may be found at: http://591748459b5e04fd0b174cf4fe18e782.6ced890c.libvpn.zuel.edu.cn/.
摘 要
本文介绍了创业制图项目（SCP），该项目为1988年至2016年的美国提供了一套新的创业生态系统统计数据。SCP将州级商业登记记录与预测分析方法相结合，以估计新注册公司群体在成立时或临近"极端"增长（IPO或高价值收购）的可能性。结果强调了预测分析在成立时识别高潜力初创企业的能力（使用各种不同的方法和措施）。然后，SCP利用对创业质量的估计来开发四个创业生态系统统计数据，包括创业形成率，平均创业质量，质量调整后的创业数量以及与给定创业"队列"相关的创业生态系统绩效。这些统计数据提供了对区域创业模式、质量（但不是数量）与随后的区域经济增长的相关性以及创业生态系统随时间演变的敏锐洞察力。SCP包括州，MSA，县和邮政编码级别的公共访问数据集，以及交互式地图，即美国创业地图，允许学术和政策用户以任意粒度级别（从州级别到单个街道地址）评估创业生态系统。SCP 和随附的数据集可在以下位置找到：http://591748459b5e04fd0b174cf4fe18e782.6ced890c.libvpn.zuel.edu.cn/。
9
Persistence and learning effects in design innovation: Evidence from panel data
设计创新中的持久性和学习效应：来自面板数据的证据
Carlo Corradini, Beatrice D'Ippolito
Abstract
This paper explores persistence and learning effects in the aesthetic and symbolic dimensions of design innovation. By combining insights from innovation economics and design studies, we discuss design innovation as the result of firm-specific cumulative learning. We then conceptualise design and product innovation as complementary processes whose interplay may lead to learning effects across different dimensions of knowledge creation. We provide quantitative evidence for these insights applying dynamic probit and bivariate probit models to a longitudinal dataset of manufacturing firms based in Spain for the period 2007–2016. Our findings confirm the presence of persistence effects in design innovation, offering novel evidence in support of the view whereby design is an iterative process shaped by the knowledge generated through firms’ previous engagement with design. In addition, the results contribute to our understanding of the role of design beyond its functional dimension, pointing to mutually reinforcing effects between aesthetic and symbolic design and product innovation.
摘 要
本文探讨了设计创新的美学和象征维度中的持久性和学习效应。通过结合创新经济学和设计研究的见解，我们讨论设计创新是公司特定累积学习的结果。然后，我们将设计和产品创新概念化为互补的过程，其相互作用可能导致知识创造不同维度的学习效果。我们将动态概率和二元概率模型应用于2007-2016年期间西班牙制造公司的纵向数据集，为这些见解提供了定量证据。我们的研究结果证实了设计创新中存在持久性效应，为支持设计是一个迭代过程的观点提供了新的证据，即设计是一个由公司先前参与设计所产生的知识所塑造的迭代过程。此外，这些结果有助于我们理解设计超越其功能维度的作用，指出美学和象征性设计与产品创新之间的相互加强的影响。
10
Managing individual research productivity in academic organizations: A review of the evidence and a path forward
管理学术组织中的个人研究生产力：证据回顾和前进道路
Olga Ryazanova, Jolanta Jaskiene
Abstract
The management of research productivity is central to university governance and drives a broad range of decisions, including those on hiring, promotion and funding allocation. Policymakers and academic leaders responsible for improving their institutions’ research performance need an evidence-based understanding of the organizational factors that can be managed in pursuit of better publication outcomes. Our paper reviews the empirical evidence on the drivers of research productivity that can be actively managed by organizations and policymakers. Such drivers include organizational structures, research culture, features of task environment for academic work, and resource allocation. To advance the state of science in research productivity literature, we then analyze assumptions and highlight mechanisms that need to be explored in order to improve theoretical and methodological state of the field. We suggest directions for future research with the aim to create a deeper and more cohesive body of knowledge on how organizations, funding bodies, and government agencies can influence scientific performance at the individual level. To advance the practice of research management, we offer a rigorous synthesis of existing empirical evidence that can help academic leaders in supporting and developing faculty research productivity within their institutions.
摘 要
研究生产力的管理是大学治理的核心，并推动广泛的决策，包括招聘，晋升和资金分配。负责改善其机构研究绩效的政策制定者和学术领导者需要对组织因素有基于证据的理解，这些因素可以管理以追求更好的出版成果。我们的论文回顾了关于研究和政策制定者可以积极管理的研究生产力驱动因素的经验证据。这些驱动因素包括组织结构，研究文化，学术工作任务环境的特征以及资源分配。为了推进研究生产力文献中的科学状态，我们分析假设并突出需要探索的机制，以改善该领域的理论和方法状态。我们为未来的研究方向提出建议，旨在创造一个更深入，更有凝聚力的知识体系，了解组织，资助机构和政府机构如何影响个人层面的科学绩效。为了推进研究管理的实践，我们严格综合了现有的经验证据，可以帮助学术领袖支持和发展其机构内的教师研究生产力。
11
Coworking spaces: An overview and research agenda
联合办公空间：概述和研究议程
Travis Howell
Abstract
In the past decade, coworking spaces have emerged as a new and promising phenomenon within entrepreneurship. Due to its prevalence, popularity, and potential for disruptive change, coworking is increasingly relevant to theory, practice, and policy in entrepreneurship, yet its implications are largely unstudied given the rapid rise of the phenomenon. Overall, more research is needed to inform owners, policy makers, and entrepreneurs regarding the effects of this new organizational form. This study takes an exploratory empirical approach with the goal of shedding light on the current landscape of coworking. By so doing, I provide an initial foundation for research on the coworking movement in entrepreneurship and the various research streams it can enrich.
摘 要
在过去的十年中，联合办公空间已成为创业中一种新的、有前途的现象。由于其普遍性，受欢迎程度和破坏性变革的潜力，联合办公与创业中的理论，实践和政策越来越相关，但鉴于这种现象的迅速崛起，其影响在很大程度上尚未得到研究。总体而言，需要更多的研究来告知业主，政策制定者和企业家这种新组织形式的影响。本研究采用探索性的实证方法，旨在揭示当前的联合办公格局。通过这样做，我为研究创业中的联合办公运动及其可以丰富的各种研究流提供了初步基础。
12
Measuring the impact of AI on jobs at the organization level: Lessons from a survey of UK business leaders
衡量人工智能对组织层面工作的影响：来自英国商界领袖调查的经验教训
Wil Hunt, Sudipa Sarkar, Chris Warhurst
Abstract
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have reignited debates about the impact of technology on the future of work, raising concerns about massive job losses. However, extant evidence is beset by methodological limitations. The majority of studies are either (1) based on modelling predictions, underpinned by subjective judgements or (2) measure the effect of automation technologies more broadly using proxies for AI effects. Analysis of what actually happens in organisations introducing AI-enabled technologies is lacking. This Research Note proposes a third methodology based on the use of bespoke employer surveys. Drawing on a new and unique survey of UK business leaders, it illustrates the utility of this approach through the presentation of descriptive findings on the association between introduction of AI and job creation and destruction within organisations. Directions for future research using this approach are suggested.
摘 要
人工智能（AI）的进步重新引发了关于技术对未来工作影响的辩论，引发了人们对大规模失业的担忧。然而，现存的证据受到方法学局限性的困扰。大多数研究要么（1）基于建模预测，以主观判断为基础，要么（2）更广泛地使用代理来衡量自动化技术的效果。缺乏对引入人工智能技术的组织中实际发生的事情的分析。本研究报告提出了基于定制雇主调查的第三种方法。它借鉴了对英国商界领袖的一项新的、独特的调查，通过介绍人工智能的引入与组织内创造就业机会和破坏之间关系的描述性发现，说明了这种方法的效用。建议使用这种方法的未来研究方向。
13
Intermediaries for the greater good: How entrepreneurial support organizations can embed constrained sustainable development startups in entrepreneurial ecosystems
促进更大利益的中介：创业支持组织如何将受限制的可持续发展初创公司嵌入创业生态系统中
Frank J. van Rijnsoever
Abstract
Sustainable development startups (SDSs) are important to help overcome societal challenges. However, starting an SDS or investing in them is a high-risk endeavor. Hence, policymakers are trying to make entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) more favorable for SDSs. A critical component of any EE is a financial support network, through which startups receive investments and business knowledge most importantly from private venture capitalists (VCs), among other finance providers. To be successful, SDSs thus need to become embedded in the financial support network. This embeddedness also allows SDSs to serve as network brokers between VCs and other startups, which is beneficial for the entire EE. Entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs) can help build a sufficiently dense financial support network by introducing startups to other actors. However, there are often not enough promising SDSs in an EE to meaningfully influence the financial support network. This places ESOs that promote SDSs in the dilemma of which startups to admit: they can either focus their efforts exclusively on SDSs or give their unfilled spots to non-SDSs, with the latter facilitating network brokering among startups. Therefore, this paper answers the following research question: What is the effect from ESOs’ support mechanisms and admission regimes on the number of investments in SDSs? Using an agent-based model, I demonstrate that ESOs are a necessity for EEs with many constrained SDSs, particularly when the constraints are technology-based. Without ESOs, the presence of such SDSs negatively influences the entire EE due to a loss of brokering in the financial support network. ESOs can help repair this damage by having the right admission regimes and helping tenant SDSs overcome some of their constraints. Ultimately, the most effective way to do this is to have an admission regime under which only SDSs are accepted and receive twice as much support from the ESO.
摘 要
可持续发展初创公司（SDS）对于帮助克服社会挑战非常重要。但是，启动SDS或投资SDS是一项高风险的工作。因此，政策制定者正试图使创业生态系统（EEs）对SDS更有利。任何EE的关键组成部分都是财务支持网络，通过该网络，初创公司从私人风险投资家（VC）和其他融资提供商那里获得最重要的投资和商业知识。因此，为了取得成功，战略部署储存软件需要嵌入到金融支持网络中。这种嵌入式性还允许SDS充当VC和其他初创公司之间的网络代理，这对整个EE都是有益的。创业支持组织（ESO）可以通过向其他参与者介绍初创公司来帮助建立一个足够密集的财务支持网络。然而，EE中通常没有足够的有前途的SDS来对财务支持网络产生有意义的影响。这使得促进SDS的ESO陷入了两难境地：他们可以将精力完全集中在SDS上，也可以将其未填补的位置交给非SDS，后者可以促进初创公司之间的网络经纪。因此，本文回答了以下研究问题：ESO的支持机制和准入制度对SDS的投资数量有何影响？使用基于代理的模型，我证明了ESO对于具有许多受约束SDS的EE来说是必需的，特别是当约束是基于技术的时。如果没有ESO，由于财务支持网络中经纪业务的损失，这种SDS的存在会对整个EE产生负面影响。ESO可以通过拥有正确的入场制度并帮助租户SDS克服一些限制来帮助修复这种损害。最终，最有效的方法是建立一个录取制度，根据该制度，只有SDS被接受，并从ESO获得两倍的支持。
14
Winner takes all? Tech clusters, population centers, and the spatial transformation of U.S. invention
赢家通吃？技术集群、人口中心和美国发明的空间转型
B. Chattergoon, W.R. Kerr
Abstract
U.S. invention has become increasingly concentrated around major tech centers since the 1970s, with implications for how much cities across the country share in concomitant local benefits. Is invention becoming a winner-takes-all race? We explore the rising spatial concentration of patents and identify an underlying stability in their distribution. Software patents have exploded to account for about half of patents today, and these patents are highly concentrated in tech centers. Tech centers also account for a growing share of non-software patents, but the reallocation, by contrast, is entirely from the five largest population centers in 1980. Non-software patenting is stable for most cities, with anchor tenants like universities playing important roles, suggesting the growing concentration of invention may be nearing its end. Immigrant inventors and new businesses aided in the spatial transformation.
One Sentence Summary
The growing concentration of patenting in tech centers masks an important stability in non-software patenting for most U.S. cities.
摘 要
自1970年代以来，美国的发明越来越集中在主要技术中心，这对全国城市在随之而来的当地利益中分享的程度产生了影响。发明是否正在成为赢家通吃的竞赛？我们探索了专利日益严重的空间集中度，并确定了其分布的潜在稳定性。如今，软件专利已经爆炸式增长，约占专利的一半，这些专利高度集中在技术中心。技术中心在非软件专利中所占的份额也越来越大，但相比之下，重新分配完全来自1980年的五个人口中心。对于大多数城市来说，非软件专利是稳定的，像大学这样的主要租户扮演着重要的角色，这表明发明的日益集中可能接近尾声。移民发明家和新企业帮助了空间转型。
15
OK computer: Worker perceptions of algorithmic recruitment
OK计算机：工人对算法招聘的看法
Elena Fumagalli, Sarah Rezaei, Anna Salomons
Abstract
We provide evidence on how workers on an online platform perceive algorithmic versus human recruitment through two incentivized experiments designed to elicit willingness to pay for human or algorithmic evaluation. In particular, we test how information on workers’ performance affects their recruiter choice and whether the algorithmic recruiter is perceived as more or less gender-biased than the human one. We find that workers do perceive human and algorithmic evaluation differently, even though both recruiters are given the same inputs in our controlled setting. Specifically, human recruiters are perceived to be more error-prone evaluators and place more weight on personal characteristics, whereas algorithmic recruiters are seen as placing more weight on task performance. Consistent with these perceptions, workers with good task performance relative to others prefer algorithmic evaluation, whereas those with lower task performance prefer human evaluation. We also find suggestive evidence that perceived differences in gender bias drive preferences for human versus algorithmic recruitment.
摘 要
我们通过两个激励实验，提供证据，说明在线平台上的员工如何看待算法招聘与人工招聘，这些实验旨在引发为人工或算法评估付费的意愿。特别是，我们测试了有关员工绩效的信息如何影响他们的招聘人员选择，以及算法招聘人员是否被认为比人类招聘人员或多或少有性别偏见。我们发现，员工确实对人类和算法评估的看法不同，即使在我们的受控环境中，两位招聘人员都得到了相同的输入。具体来说，人类招聘人员被认为更容易出错，并且更重视个人特征，而算法招聘人员则被视为更重视任务绩效。与这些看法一致，相对于其他人来说，任务绩效良好的员工更喜欢算法评估，而任务绩效较低的员工更喜欢人工评估。我们还发现有提示性证据表明，性别偏见的感知差异推动了对人类与算法招聘的偏好。
16
A Framework and Databases for Measuring Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
衡量创业生态系统的框架和数据库
Evan Johnson, Iman Hemmatian, Lauren Lanahan, Amol M. Joshi
Abstract
Scholarly literature on the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has increased sharply over the past five years. The surge in interest has also heightened the demand for robust empirical measures that capture the complexity of dynamic relationships among ecosystem constituents. We offer a framework for measurement that places collaborative relationships among entrepreneurs, firms, government agencies, and research institutions at the center of the ecosystem concept. We further emphasize the four roles of the federal government as a catalyst, coordinator, certifier, and customer in shaping these relationships. Despite the central importance of these firm-government interactions, there is surprisingly little research on suitable methodologies and appropriate data for systematically and reliably incorporating them into measures of ecosystem health. Our study aims to address this gap in the literature by first developing a conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems and then describing an array of accompanying databases that provide rich and detailed information on firms and their relationships with government organizations, accelerators, and research institutions. A major advantage of our approach is that all the underlying databases are drawn from non-confidential, publicly available sources that are transparently disclosed and regularly updated. This greatly expands the potential community of scholars, managers, and policymakers that may independently use these databases to test theories, make decisions, and formulate policies related to innovation and entrepreneurship.
摘 要
在过去五年中，关于创业生态系统概念的学术文献急剧增加。兴趣的激增也增加了对强有力的实证措施的需求，这些措施可以捕捉生态系统组成部分之间动态关系的复杂性。我们提供了一个衡量框架，将企业家、公司、政府机构和研究机构之间的合作关系置于生态系统概念的中心。我们进一步强调联邦政府在塑造这些关系中作为催化剂，协调者，认证者和客户的四个角色。尽管这些公司与政府之间的相互作用至关重要，但令人惊讶的是，对适当方法和适当数据的研究却很少，无法系统可靠地将其纳入生态系统健康措施。我们的研究旨在通过首先开发一个用于衡量创业生态系统的概念框架，然后描述一系列随附的数据库来解决文献中的这一空白，这些数据库提供有关公司及其与政府组织，加速器和研究机构的关系的丰富而详细的信息。我们方法的一个主要优点是，所有基础数据库都来自非机密的、公开可用的来源，这些来源是透明披露和定期更新的。这极大地扩展了潜在的学者，管理者和政策制定者社区，他们可以独立使用这些数据库来测试理论，做出决策并制定与创新和创业相关的政策。
17
Competing Standard-Setting Organizations: A Choice Experiment
相互竞争的标准制定组织：一个选择实验
Paul Moritz Wiegmann, Felix Eggers, Henk J. de Vries, Knut Blind
Abstract
Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) establish goal-directed networks for innovators to jointly shape technology and markets through standards. The degree to which this can succeed depends to a large extent on network characteristics, which may differ substantially between SSOs. Many technological fields face intense competition between SSOs. Choosing the right one is thus a key strategic decision for innovators. Simultaneously, SSOs must reflect members’ preferences in their network set-ups and governance. Yet, little is known about these preferences. Based on extant literature, we derive hypotheses about how three themes of network attributes (membership base, rules, transaction costs) and contextual factors drive decision makers’ preferences. We conduct a comprehensive choice experiment with 141 standardization professionals in the Internet of Things field. Based on our data, we provide a more realistic indication of what firms value in SSOs than has been previously available. We also discuss our results’ implications for studying networks in other contexts.
摘 要
标准制定组织（SSO）为创新者建立目标导向的网络，通过标准共同塑造技术和市场。成功程度在很大程度上取决于网络特性，SSO之间可能有很大差异。许多技术领域都面临着SSO之间的激烈竞争。因此，选择合适的产品是创新者的一项关键战略决策。同时，SSO必须在其网络设置和治理中反映成员的偏好。然而，人们对这些偏好知之甚少。基于现有的文献，我们推导出关于网络属性（成员基础，规则，交易成本）和上下文因素这三个主题如何驱动决策者偏好的假设。我们与物联网领域的141名标准化专业人员进行了全面的选择实验。根据我们的数据，我们比以前更真实地表明了公司对SSO的价值。我们还讨论了我们的结果对在其他情况下研究网络的影响。
18
Introduction to the special section celebrating the centenary of Chris Freeman's birth
庆祝克里斯·弗里曼诞辰一百周年的特别部分介绍
Raphael Kaplinsky, W. Edward Steinmueller
Abstract
With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, cyber attacks and natural disasters, power system reliability is facing unprecedented challenges. To contribute to a more targeted electricity reliability policy in China, this study develops a Dynamic Inoperability Input-output Model to assess the business interruption costs (BICs) from a provincial extremely big electricity outage event. The time-varying inoperability is first simulated for different sectors over the recovery period with consideration of the sectoral interdependencies. Then, the BICs are estimated for different sectors and the most vulnerable sectors to power outages are identified. At last, the impacts of four influencing factors on the estimated BICs are explored in the sensitivity analysis section. Our major findings are that: (1) The total BIC of an outage event is about 1.44 billion yuan, and the first 24 h of the recovery period account for about 70% of the total BICs. (2) 2% of a sector's inoperability caused by power outages will, on average, be transmitted to other sectors due to their interdependencies. (3) The chemical sector has the biggest economic losses from power outages, while water supply sector has the largest peak inoperability from power outages.
摘 要
组成这个特别部分的八篇特邀论文反映了克里斯·弗里曼（Chris Freeman）对理解世界的贡献的广度，以及他倡导利用这种理解使世界变得更美好。作者反思了弗里曼的贡献和倡导，以期提出从他诞辰一百周年开始可以继承哪些概念，框架和见解。
19
Innovation and uneven development: The challenge for low- and middle-income economies
创新和不平衡发展：低收入和中等收入经济体面临的挑战
Raphael Kaplinsky, Erika Kraemer-Mbula
Abstract
This essay begins with a recounting of the rise of the Mass Production techno-economic paradigm and the emergence of the systemic economic crisis in the early 1970s. It then explains how this crisis was stemmed by the deepening of globalisation, which accelerated during the 1980s. However, shortly before the turn of the millennium, the internal fissures of the paradigm became more apparent, resulting in a renewed slowdown in growth and global financial crises. In the context of these global developments, most emerging economies are confronted by two structural problems. The first is the prevalence of a massive informal sector; the second is the erosion of the possibilities for a flying geese policy replicating the export success of China. However, crisis presents both challenge and opportunity, and three sets of innovation opportunities are addressed in the paper. These are the largely unrecognised innovative potential within the informal sector, the possibilities opened up by growing regional and South-South trade, and the transformative potential of the heartland technology driving the new techno-economic paradigm, ICTs. Building on seminal contribution to ideas by Freeman, we argue that these are important pillars to build an innovation agenda for inclusion in developing countries. The essay concludes with a discussion of the main policy implications to maximise the development impact of these new opportunities.
摘 要
本文首先叙述了大规模生产技术经济范式的兴起以及1970年代初系统性经济危机的出现。然后，它解释了这场危机是如何被1980年代加速的全球化的深化所遏制的。然而，在千禧年之交前不久，范式的内部裂痕变得更加明显，导致增长再次放缓和全球金融危机。在这些全球发展的背景下，大多数新兴经济体都面临着两个结构性问题。首先是大规模的非正规部门盛行;第二，非正规部门普遍存在。第二是飞雁政策复制中国出口成功的可能性受到侵蚀。然而，危机既带来了挑战，也带来了机遇，本文讨论了三组创新机遇。这些是非正规部门中基本上未得到承认的创新潜力、不断增长的区域和南南贸易所开辟的可能性，以及推动新的技术经济范式——信通技术——的中心地带技术的变革潜力。基于弗里曼对思想的开创性贡献，我们认为这些是建立发展中国家包容性创新议程的重要支柱。本文最后讨论了最大化这些新机遇的发展影响的主要政策影响。
编辑：卢苑
审核：李文清
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